Global Financial Crisis 2008 Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2032 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Financial Crisis is a situation in which the value of financial institutions or assets drops rapidly. A financial crisis is often associated with a panic or a run on the banks, in which investors sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts with the expectation that the value of those assets will drop if they remain at a financial institution (Bhatia2011, p.12). .1.2 Importance of the issue Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 has been the worst since the Great Depression in the 1930s.The financial crisis has had a profound effect, much more than that anticipated by many. The national borders have been breached and the ramifications are still being felt far from the epicenter. Although the global economy is recovering, the confidence in the markets is still weak as market participants are looking for a direction which is by no means straight forward. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Financial Crisis 2008 Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The aim of this essay is to understand the financial crisis, its causes, impacts and lesson that could be learnt from this crisis. Financial crisis history In order to understand the causes of the crisis we need to understand the past events that molded the current crisis. They include the financial landscape existing before the crisis, working of the global financial system and the shadow banking system. Reinhart and Rogoff (2011) and Schularick and Taylor (2012) provide a consistent picture of the runÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ up to a financial crisis: an acceleration of debt from both governments and financial intermediaries are the most important antecedents. According to Reinhart and Rogoff (2008). First, there was the Asian financial crisis of 199798, which saw Asian economies generate large current account surpluses that had to be invested offshore to keep their nominal exchange rates low. Capital flowed out of Asia into US dotcom stocks driving up equity prices. Next was the bursting of the dotcom bubble, which saw the booming NASDAQ over 1998-2000 burst in 2001. Fearing a downturn and possible deflation, the US Federal Reserve eased monetary policy in 2001 in a series of steps to 2004. Rising demands from China (and, to some extent, India), plus a booming world economy saw commodity prices rise across oil, minerals and food from late 2004 to late 2007(Warwick2009,p.4). Financial crisis 2008 3.1 Causes of financial crisis 3.1.1The bursting of the housing bubble Falling house prices has a major effect on household wealth, spending and defaults on loans held by financial institutions. Events in the United States typify a global phenomenon. From 2000 to 2006, house prices in some areas doubled to subsequently collapse. These changes in some areas have generated dramatic news headlines but, overall the United States index of house prices has fallen by 6.2 percent in real terms from the 1st quarter 2008 to the same quarter in 2009. While house prices were rising so strongly, credit was supplied liberally to meet the demand as perceptions of risk fell. The rising wealth boosted confidence and spending. The housing bubble was a global phenomenon centered mainly on the Anglo Saxon world (Warwick2009, p.6). 3.1.2 Rising equity risk premie The surprise upswing in commodity prices from 2003 but most noticeable during 2006 and 2007 led to concerns about inflation leading to the sharp reversal in monetary policy in the US. This tightening in US policy also implied a tightening of monetary policy in economies that pegged to the US dollar. It was the sharpness of this reversal as much as the fall in US house prices and the failures of financial regulation (for example, the mortgage underwriters Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) that led to the financial problems for 2008/09. Lehman Brothers failure was primarily due to the large losses they sustained on the US subprime mortgage market. Lehmans held large positions in the subprime and other lower rated mortgage markets. But mortgage delinquencies rose after the US housing price bubble burst in 2006. In the second fiscal quarter 2008, Lehman reported losses of $2.8 billion. It was forced to sell off $6 billion in assets. 3.1.3A rise in household risk The reappraisal of risk by firms as a result of the crisis also applies to households. As households view the future as being more risky, so they discount their future earnings and that affects their savings and spending decisions. As with the previous shock, we model two scenarios: one permanent and the other temporary. The increase in household risk in the United States is assumed to be 3 percentage points in the permanent scenario and returning to zero by year three in the temporary scenario. 3.2 Effects 3.2.1 Stock market The financial shock has the largest negative impact on stock market values from baseline in 2009 and an equally large impact as the bursting of the housing bubble on investment. The equity risk shock causes a shift out of equities into other domestic assets, such as housing and government bonds as well as to asset purchases overseas. The shift into government bonds drives up their prices and pushes down real interest rates substantially. This surprisingly raises human wealth because expected future after tax income is discounted at a much lower real interest rate. Thus in the US, the equity shock alone is positive rather than negative for consumption in the short run. Investment on the other hand falls sharply. The equity shock reduces US investment by about 20 percent below baseline. The rise in equity risk implies a sharp selloff of shares due to a large rise in the required rate of return to capital. The higher equity risk premium implies that the existing capital stock is too high to generate the marginal product required from the financial arbitrage condition and investment falls and, over time, due to the existence of adjustment costs, the capital stock falls and potential output is permanently reduced. 3.2.2 Lowered real Gross Domestic Product of US Each of the shocks has a negative effect on the United States and, combined, has the effect of lowering real GDP by 7 percent below baseline in 2009 and real GDP does not return to baseline until 2017, nearly a decade later. That is sufficient to put the US into recession in 2009 (baseline growth is 3.4 percent) but will allow positive growth in 2010. 3.2.3 Fall in demand for manufactured goods A key compositional effect also occurs when household discount rates rise and risk premia generally rise. The effect is a much sharper fall in the demand for durable goods relative to other goods in the economy.. Imports and domestic production of durable goods falls by more than non durable goods. The high risk adjusted cost leads to a reduction in the flow of services from durables and therefore the demand for these goods drops sharply. This compositional effect is for the trade outcomes. Countries that export durable goods are particularly affected by a crisis. 3.2.4 Effects to other world economy. According to Harvey (2010), the recession in the United States has three main effects on the world economy. The negative knock on effect from the loss in activity with those economies most dependent on the United States market most affected. As prospects dim in the United States, so the returns on investment look better elsewhere. Money flows out of the United States (or strictly in the case of the US, less inflow than otherwise) and into other economies where it stimulates investment and economic activity. This is illustrated by the effect on China. The United States is a large importer from China. As US imports fall, Chinas exports fall with a combined effect from the three shocks of a drop in exports of 5 percent below baseline in 2009. The most affected sectors by the economic crisis are agriculture, mining, tourism, textiles and manufacturing in Africa. There have been many job loses which have direct negative effects on workers living standards for examples, South Africa: 36,500 jobs have been lost in the automobile industry. 3.2.5 Decrease of demand for consumer loan There was an overall decrease in demand for consumer loans, as measured by applications to both affected and unaffected savings banks. The effect is stronger for mortgages, as compared to consumer loans. If a borrower had a prior relationship with the savings bank, the effect is mitigated, that is, those customers are less likely to have their applications rejected compared to new customers. What Did We Learn from the Financial Crisis of 2008? According to Shibashish (2008), these are the lessons learnt from the 2008 financial crisis: (i) The importance of voluntary and involuntary disclosures on financial products, or the lack of both, (ii) the importance of regulators and how important it is for them to regulate and have an oversight of the macroeconomic indicators, (iii) existing risk management practices especially for the big banks and rating agencies, (iv) the most important of all, it is the exercise of rationality while making large investment decisions by the investors. From a policy-making perspective the crisis has been a wakeup call for the regulators who have until now ignored the Keynesian economic model that speaks about free market economy along with strong oversight. In fact the accounting regulation body such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have completely failed to keep up with the pace at which firms have evolved in the recent years. There are some legitimate concerns such as the fair value accounting of non-tradable assets, etc. However, the big picture is still that the market value of the banking firms far exceeds in their intangible assets value than their tangible assets and still the accounting regulations do not require these firms to disclose sufficiently on their intangible assets. This is the leading factor that creates a huge information asymmetry in the market where the investors have a limited knowledge about the instruments in which they are making large investments, and definitely before the crisis the scale was unprecedented. The scope information asymmetry is plenty in the banking sector that starts from processes, culture, human capital and the capacity for the bank to be innovative. These asymmetries are constructive asymmetry and can benefit the investors from the diversifica tion perspective. What is not recommended is that investors are deliberately kept in the dark because of lack of reporting standard about derivatives such as CDOs and CDSs, which can be lucrative investment vehicles and banks are able to sell these instruments in enormous quantities creating a shift in the systematic risk quotient of the market. Therefore, it is absolutely essential for the U.S. banks in order to remain globally competitive regulators have to fix the shortcomings of the financial reporting standards and market oversight policies. This should motivate banks to formulate their risk management and disclosure strategies rather carefully. With more information and understanding about seemingly complicated derivative products perhaps investors will also make better choices and informed decisions. Conclusion This paper has explored the impact of major shocks representing the global financial crisis on the global economy. For the crisis itself shocks are needed to capture the observed drop in asset prices and reduction in demand and trade. It is necessary to simulate the bursting of the housing bubble centered in the United States and Europe, but extending elsewhere, rising perceptions of risk by business as reflected in the equity risk premium over bonds and rising perceptions of risk by households. The regulatory bodies identified lack of transparency in the financial system as the basic problem that hindered effective oversight of the institutions (McKibbin and Stoeckel 2009b). The complex structure of the securitized products did not allow purchasers of MBS to correctly evaluate the quality of underlying assets and to understand the risks involved There is no doubt that more coordination in regulatory policies would be required at the global level. Special care would have to be given to the capital and liquidity requirements for financial institutions. The global nature of the financial system makes this coordination imperative. The enhanced capital and liquidity requirements will be phased in along the next 5 years. Simply put, this should make the banks safer by providing a greater cushion to survive the mistakes and accidents from which they suffer. Generally, the regulatory proposals have been aimed at reducing the impact of the current crisis and preventing recurrences. The proposals have targeted a host of issues, including executive pay, financial cushions, consumer protection, the regulation of derivatives and the soÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ called shadow banking system, and the power of the Federal Reserve to windÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ down systemically significant financial institutions

Living On The Streets Or Begging For Food - 983 Words

After the economic downturn from 2007-2009, homelessness has grown dramatically. Without having a job, people cannot support their families or even themselves. The only other option for some jobless people is living on the streets or begging for food. People classify homeless people as scary or losers, but in reality, they are people looking for a life like everyone else. Homeless people do not have anywhere to go, so why should there be laws against living on the streets or begging for food? Every human in the United States has rights, but during this time and age, our human rights are being abused. In Birmingham, Alaska, a police officer stopped a minister after serving the homeless food from his meal truck. According to an article by ABC, â€Å"Minister Rick Wood said the police forced him to leave the area because he did not have a permit from the health department† (qtd. in Fisher). This incident is not the only one that has happened. 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Practice Midterm Exam (Statistics) Free Essays

AMS572. 01 Practice Midterm Exam Fall, 2007 Instructions: This is a close book exam. Anyone who cheats in the exam shall receive a grade of F. We will write a custom essay sample on Practice Midterm Exam (Statistics) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please provide complete solutions for full credit. Good luck! 1 (for all students in class). In a study of hypnotic suggestion, 5 male volunteers participated in a two-phase experimental session. In the first phase, respiration was measured while the subject was awake and at rest. In the second phase, the subject was told to imagine that he was performing muscular work, and respiration was measured again. Hypnosis was induced between the first and second phases; thus, the suggestion to imagine muscular work was â€Å"hypnotic suggestion† for these subjects. The accompanying table shows the measurements of total ventilation (liters of air per minute per square meter of body area) for all 5 subjects. Experimental Group | |Subject |Rest |Work | |1 |6 |6 | |2 |7 |9 | |3 |8 |9 | |4 |7 |10 | |5 |6 |7 | (1) Use suitable test to investigate whether there is any difference between the two experimental phases in terms of total ventilation. Please state the assumption(s) of the test and report the p-value. At the significance level of 0. 05, what is your conclusion? (2) Please write up the entire SAS program necessary to answer questions raised in (a). Please include the data step as well as tests for testing for various assumptions. Solution: (1) Assume that the difference [pic]is normal. [pic] and [pic] The hypotheses are [pic] v. s [pic]. The test statistic is [pic] Since [pic] and [pic], we can not reject [pic] at [pic]. [pic] (2) The SAS code is as follows: data hypnosis; input subject rest work @@; iff=work-rest; datalines; 1 6 6 2 7 9 3 8 9 4 7 10 5 6 7 ; run; proc univariate data=hypnosis normal; var diff; run; 2 (for all students in class). John Pauzke, president of Cereals Unlimited, Inc. , wants to be very certain that the mean weight ? of packages satisfies the package label weight of 16 ounces. The packages are filled by a machine that is set to fill each package to a specified weight. However, the machine has random variability measured by ? 2. John would like to have strong evidence that the mean package weight is above 16 ounces. George Williams, quality control manager, advises him to examine a random sample of 25 packages of cereal. From his past experience, George knew that the weight of the cereal packages follows a normal distribution with standard deviation 0. 4 ounce. At the significance level ? =. 05, (1) What is the decision rule (rejection region) in terms of the sample mean [pic]? Please derive the general formula using the concept of Type I error rate. (2) What is the power of the test when ? =16. 2 ounces? Please derive the general formula for power calculation first. 3) What is the sample size necessary to ensure a power of 80% when ? =16. 2 ounces? Please derive the general formula for sample size calculation based on the Type I and II error rates first. Solution: (1) [pic] [pic]. [pic]. [pic]. [pic] Hence, the rejection region is [pic]. (2) [pic] [pic] (3) [pic] [pic][pic]. [pic] Hence, about 25 packages of cereal should be sampled to achieve a power of 80% when (=16. 2 ounces. 3a (for all exc ept AMS PhD students). Inference on one population mean when the population is normal, and the population variance is known. Let [pic], be a random sample from the given normal population. Please prove that 1) [pic]. 2) [pic]. Solution: (1) [pic] Thus, [pic] (2) [pic] Thus, [pic] 3b (for AMS PhD students ONLY). For a random sample from any population for which the mean and variance exist. Please prove that 1) The sample mean and sample variance are unbiased estimators of the population mean and variance respectively. 2) When the population is normal, we have learned that the sample mean and the sample variance, are indeed, independent. Please prove this for n = 2. That is, for a random sample of size 2 only. Solution: (1) [pic] [pic] (2) When n=2, [pic], [pic] If we can show that [pic] and [pic] are independent, then [pic]and [pic]are independent. This can be done easily using the mgf technique: [pic] 4 (extra credit for all). An expert witness in a paternity suit testifies that the length (in days) of pregnancy (that is, the time from impregnation to the delivery of the child) is approximately normally distributed with parameter [pic] and [pic]. The defendant in the suit is able to prove that he was out of the country during a period that began 290 days before the birth of the child and ended 240 days before the birth. If the defendant was, in fact, the father of the child, what is the probability that the mother could have had the very long or very short pregnancy indicated by the testimony? Solution:let [pic]~[pic] and [pic]~[pic] [pic](the woman had a very long or very short pregnancy) [pic] [pic] Happy Halloween! How to cite Practice Midterm Exam (Statistics), Papers